The historical treatment for saprolegniasis was malachite green however, this substance is now banned for use in food fish in many countries due to its teratogenic and mutagenic properties ( 3).
Saprolegniasis is one of the most prevalent oomycete diseases in aquaculture ( 1), and among the Saprolegnia species, Saprolegnia parasitica is an important pathogen of finfish ( 2). Besides these issues, which should be further investigated if the product is to be used on aquatic species sensitive to copper, CCCSNs has promising potential for water disinfection. Water turbidity issues were also observed in tanks with the filter material. However, we observed leaching of copper into the water especially when larger quantities of COPPERWARE ® were used. The smallest quantity of the filter product COPPERWARE ® (3.75 × 3.7 × 1.2 cm, 2.58 g) used in our aquarium study also demonstrated significant inhibition compared with the control group. Even the lowest concentration of CCCSNs used in our study (i.e., 100 mg/mL) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on S. Results showed that the growth of agar plugs with mycelium was significantly suppressed after exposure to both CCCSNs powder and COPPERWARE ® filters. The present study investigated the effectiveness of copper/carbon core/shell nanoparticles (CCCSNs) and a commercial CCCSNs filter product (COPPERWARE ®) against S. With the rapid development of metal-based nanoparticles, copper-based nanoparticles have attracted attention as a potential material for prevention and control of Saprolegnia parasitica. 4Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, ChinaĬopper-based fungicides have a long history of usage in agriculture and aquaculture.3Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen, China.2State Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health at the Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Centre, General Administration of Customs, Shenzhen, China.
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